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Oracle日期和时间的基本命令

2024-11-30数据库6

1. 基本类型

Oracle支持不同的日期格式模型,其中包括:

  • ISO 8601: YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MI:SS,例如2024-06-20T14:30:00

  • Oracle内部格式: DD-MON-YYYY HH:MI:SS AM,例如20-JUN-2024 02:30:00 PM

DATE: 存储日期和时间,精确到秒

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CREATE TABLE test_date (col DATE);
INSERT INTO test_date (col) VALUES (TO_DATE('2024-06-20 12:34:56', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'));

TIMESTAMP:比DATE类型更精确,可以精确到小数秒

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CREATE TABLE test_timestamp (col TIMESTAMP);
INSERT INTO test_timestamp (col) VALUES (TO_TIMESTAMP('2024-06-20 12:34:56.789', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS.FF3'));

INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH:存储年份和月份的时间间隔

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CREATE TABLE test_interval_ym (col INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH);
INSERT INTO test_interval_ym (col) VALUES (INTERVAL '2-3' YEAR TO MONTH);

INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND:存储天、小时、分钟、秒以及小数秒的时间间隔

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CREATE TABLE test_interval_ds (col INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND);
INSERT INTO test_interval_ds (col) VALUES (INTERVAL '5 12:34:56.789' DAY TO SECOND);

2. 常用函数

SYSDATE:返回当前系统日期和时间。SELECT SYSDATE FROM dual;

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP:返回当前系统时间戳:SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP FROM dual;

EXTRACT: 从日期或时间戳中提取特定的部分(如年、月、日、小时等)

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SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) AS year FROM dual; # 2024
SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) AS month FROM dual; # 6
SELECT EXTRACT(DAY FROM SYSDATE) AS day FROM dual; # 20

TO_DATE: 将字符串转换为DATE类型:SELECT TO_DATE('2024-06-20', 'YYYY-MM-DD') FROM dual;

TO_TIMESTAMP: 将字符串转换为TIMESTAMP类型:SELECT TO_TIMESTAMP('2024-06-20 12:34:56.789', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS.FF3') FROM dual;

TO_CHAR: 将日期或时间戳转换为字符串,可以指定格式:SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') FROM dual;

ADD_MONTHS: 给日期加上指定的月份数:SELECT ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE, 6) AS new_date FROM dual;

MONTHS_BETWEEN: 计算两个日期之间的月份数:SELECT MONTHS_BETWEEN(TO_DATE('2024-12-20', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), SYSDATE) AS months_between FROM dual;

NEXT_DAY: 返回指定日期之后的第一个指定星期几:SELECT NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE, 'FRIDAY') AS next_friday FROM dual;

LAST_DAY: 返回指定月份的最后一天:SELECT LAST_DAY(SYSDATE) AS last_day_of_month FROM dual;

3. Demo

示例的查询有如下:

当前系统日期和时间

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SELECT SYSDATE, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP FROM dual;

将字符串转换为日期并进行加减操作

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SELECT TO_DATE('2024-06-20', 'YYYY-MM-DD') + 10 AS new_date FROM dual;

提取日期的不同部分

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SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) AS year,
       EXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) AS month,
       EXTRACT(DAY FROM SYSDATE) AS day
FROM dual;